Practical planning tools for short growing seasons.

St. Louis, Missouri Garden Guide: Planting Dates, Frost Dates and Growing Season

In St. Louis, gardeners usually see the last spring frost around April 1 and the first fall frost around November 4, leaving about 217 frost-free days in a typical year. That gives gardeners more room for long-season crops, succession planting, and later sowings.

Growing Season Snapshot

Typical last spring frost April 1
Typical first fall frost November 4
Typical frost-free days 217
GDD left on May 15 (base 50) 3966

These season boundaries are climate normals, not a forecast. A 50% frost date means a 32°F frost arrives by that date in about half of years — and later in about half. Treat these dates as planning anchors, not guarantees.

St. Louis Planting Calendar

A practical guide to when planting usually works in St. Louis. These windows are based on climate normals (not a forecast) and line up with the 50% last spring frost and typical early-season heat.

Crop Planting Window Method Best Variety Local Fit
Cool-season / early window Cold-tolerant crops that usually handle cooler spring conditions better.
Peas March 4 – March 18 direct sow Little Marvel Excellent fit
Spinach March 4 – March 18 direct sow Space Excellent fit
Kale March 8 – March 28 direct sow / transplant Winterbor Excellent fit
Beets March 11 – March 25 direct sow Detroit Dark Red Excellent fit
Carrots March 11 – March 25 direct sow Bolero Excellent fit
Lettuce March 11 – March 25 direct sow / transplant Buttercrunch Excellent fit
Onions March 11 – March 25 sets / transplants Redwing Excellent fit
Strawberries March 11 – March 25 plant crowns / transplants Seascape Excellent fit
Swiss Chard March 12 – April 1 direct sow / transplant Bright Lights Excellent fit
Broccoli March 18 – April 1 transplant Packman Excellent fit
Cabbage March 18 – April 1 transplant Stonehead Excellent fit
Cauliflower March 18 – April 1 transplant Snow Crown Excellent fit
Potatoes March 18 – April 1 plant seed potatoes Kennebec Excellent fit
Main warm-season window Crops that usually do best once frost risk fades and the season starts opening up more fully.
Beans April 1 – April 15 direct sow Contender Excellent fit
Sweet Corn April 6 – April 16 direct sow Bodacious Excellent fit
Basil April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Thai Basil Excellent fit
Cucumbers April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Marketmore 76 Excellent fit
Melons April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Athena Excellent fit
Pumpkin April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Howden Excellent fit
Tomatoes April 10 – April 20 transplant Celebrity Excellent fit
Watermelons April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Crimson Sweet Excellent fit
Winter Squash April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Honey Nut Excellent fit
Zucchini April 10 – April 20 direct sow / transplant Black Beauty Excellent fit
Peppers April 17 – April 27 transplant California Wonder Excellent fit

How to use this: aim for the earlier part of each window for the most reliable results. Later planting can still work, but it usually depends more on variety maturity, warmer microclimates, and simple protection like row cover or low tunnels.

Common Timing Mistakes

These patterns show up again and again in St. Louis — especially in typical years.

  • Planting everything at once instead of staggering crops across the season.
  • Relying on calendar dates instead of crop maturity and typical frost timing.

Missed Your Planting Window? What Can You Still Grow?

This table shows what can still mature from several later-season planting dates in St. Louis. It compares the growing degree days still typically available after each checkpoint with the heat each crop usually needs to finish, then applies a 15% safety margin to separate crops that usually still fit from ones that are more borderline.

Usually fits Borderline Too tight
Crop Heat Units May 15 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1
Spinach 450 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Lettuce 500 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Strawberry 600 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Pea 600 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Beet 650 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Basil 700 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Kale 700 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Zucchini 750 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Carrot 750 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Swiss chard 750 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Cucumber 800 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Broccoli 900 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Bean 900 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Cabbage 1000 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Cauliflower 1000 (base 40) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Sweet corn 1100 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Potato 1100 (base 45) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Melon 1200 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Tomato 1200 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Pepper 1300 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Onion 1300 (base 45) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Winter squash 1300 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Pumpkin 1300 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
Watermelon 1350 (base 50) ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅

Climate normals GDD planning

Compare your season’s typical heat accumulation against crop requirements before first fall frost.

Heat matters more than calendar days Use this when crop maturity depends on warmth, not just frost-free days. Especially useful for warm-season crops and short-season locations.
Best for borderline crops Especially useful for warm-season crops and short-season locations.

Check Crop Maturity and Timing in St. Louis

Enter a ZIP / Postal Code in St. Louis and your planting date to see whether different crops can typically mature before first fall frost.

Select one or more crops.

Results

How the Growing Season Works in St. Louis

St. Louis usually gives gardeners more flexibility. A longer season and stronger late-summer heat make staggered planting, second rounds, and longer-maturing crops more realistic than in colder interior regions.

  • Stagger planting dates: spreading sowings and transplanting windows often works better than planting everything at once.
  • Fall planting is more realistic: many areas still have enough runway for a meaningful second round of faster crops.
  • Summer management becomes the limiter: water, fertility, and pest pressure often matter more than season length alone.

Late-summer note: there is often still meaningful heat left around early August, so second plantings of faster crops can still be worthwhile.

Remaining Season Heat in St. Louis (Base 50 GDD)

Growing Degree Days (Base 50°F) measure heat accumulation. “Remaining GDD” shows how much usable heat is typically still available from a given date onward in a normal season.

Planting date Base Typical GDD still available
May 15 50 3966
June 1 50 3624
July 1 50 2823
August 1 50 1875

Use these values to judge whether a crop or variety still has enough heat left after planting. This is especially helpful for later sowings, shorter-maturity choices, and deciding whether a second round is realistic.

How Gardeners Adapt

Experienced gardeners in St. Louis usually adjust their timing and crop choices to match how the season actually behaves, not just the calendar.

  • Using row cover or low tunnels to smooth out temperature swings early and late in the season.
  • Succession planting fast crops to keep beds productive through summer.
  • Watching local conditions closely and adjusting timing year by year.

St. Louis Garden Planning Chart

A practical “typical year” for planning. Use it as a baseline, then adjust for microclimates and variety maturity.

Stage What it usually means
Early season Start cold-tolerant crops, prep beds, and pay more attention to soil warmth and night temperatures than to the calendar alone.
Main planting Around April 1, the main planting push usually begins as frost risk fades. Warm-season crops generally perform best when they get established promptly.
Peak growth This is when water, fertility, spacing, and pest pressure have the biggest effect on final yield.
Late-summer decisions There is often enough late-season heat left for a meaningful second round of quick crops.
Finish window Plan to have frost-sensitive crops mostly wrapped up by November 4. Cooling nights often slow crops before the first real frost arrives.

Typical season length: 217 frost-free days between the median spring and fall frost dates.

Crop Guides for St. Louis

Published crop-specific planting guides for St. Louis, ordered from best fit to highest risk.

Excellent fit

Basil

Basil is usually one of the easier crops to grow here.

When to Plant Basil in St. Louis

Beans

St. Louis usually gives beans enough season that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Beans in St. Louis

Beets

Beets perform easily here in a typical year.

When to Plant Beets in St. Louis

Broccoli

This crop usually has enough season here that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Broccoli in St. Louis

Cabbage

Very early to late varieties usually fit comfortably here.

When to Plant Cabbage in St. Louis

Carrots

Carrots are usually one of the easier crops to grow here.

When to Plant Carrots in St. Louis

Cauliflower

St. Louis usually gives cauliflower enough season that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Cauliflower in St. Louis

Cucumbers

Cucumbers perform easily here in a typical year.

When to Plant Cucumbers in St. Louis

Kale

This crop usually has enough season here that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Kale in St. Louis

Lettuce

Very early to mid-season varieties usually fit comfortably here.

When to Plant Lettuce in St. Louis

Melons

Melons are usually one of the easier crops to grow here.

When to Plant Melons in St. Louis

Onions

St. Louis usually gives onions enough season that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Onions in St. Louis

Peas

Peas perform easily here in a typical year.

When to Plant Peas in St. Louis

Peppers

This crop usually has enough season here that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Peppers in St. Louis

Potatoes

Very early to late varieties usually fit comfortably here.

When to Plant Potatoes in St. Louis

Pumpkin

Pumpkin is usually one of the easier crops to grow here.

When to Plant Pumpkin in St. Louis

Spinach

St. Louis usually gives spinach enough season that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Spinach in St. Louis

Strawberries

Strawberries perform easily here in a typical year.

When to Plant Strawberries in St. Louis

Sweet Corn

This crop usually has enough season here that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Sweet Corn in St. Louis

Swiss Chard

Very early to mid-season varieties usually fit comfortably here.

When to Plant Swiss Chard in St. Louis

Tomatoes

Tomatoes are usually one of the easier crops to grow here.

When to Plant Tomatoes in St. Louis

Watermelons

St. Louis usually gives watermelons enough season that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Watermelons in St. Louis

Winter Squash

Winter squash performs easily here in a typical year.

When to Plant Winter Squash in St. Louis

Zucchini

This crop usually has enough season here that maturity is rarely the hard part.

When to Plant Zucchini in St. Louis

Looking for broader guidance? See planting timing across Missouri